'Hardly any taboos left': Anti-Semitism resurges in Germany
Levi Salomon has been documenting anti-Semitic slogans and acts at rallies in Berlin for 25 years, but never had he experienced such virulent expressions of hate against Jews in post-war Germany until October 7th.
On that Sabbath day, Hamas gunmen stormed across the border into Israel, killing 1,400 people, mostly civilians, in their homes, on the streets and at a rave party.
The most deadly attack since the founding of Israel had led it to declare war on Hamas, with Israeli forces heavily bombarding Gaza before sending in ground troops to destroy the Islamist movement.
The Hamas-run health ministry said more than 10,000 people, mostly civilians, have been killed in the territory.
"October 7th marked a turning point" in the dimension of anti-Semitism in Germany almost 80 years after World War II, said Salomon. "There are hardly any taboos left."
READ ALSO: Germany's Scholz joins call to 'protect Jews' amid rising anti-Semitism
The public displays of hatred vary from people celebrating the Hamas attack by distributing sweets in a Berlin district with a large Arab population, to chants at demonstrations such as "from the river to the sea, Palestine will be free" -- a slogan interpreted by some as a call for the destruction of Israel.
Islamist slogans like "the caliphate is the solution," seen most recently at a protest in the western city of Essen, have also shocked Germany.
"I had not seen that before," said Salomon.
'Living in fear'
Anti-Semitism is rearing its head across the continent, with the European Commission saying on Sunday that "European Jews today are again living in fear".
In Germany, which is still atoning for the slaughter of more than six million Jews during the Holocaust, the trend is all the more alarming.
Holocaust denial is illegal in Germany, which has also stressed that its support for Israel's existence is unconditional.
Some 2,000 cases linked to the Israel-Hamas conflict have been reported so far, federal police told local media.
In an immediate response to the Hamas attack, German authorities boosted security around Jewish institutions. But that did not stop two men from flinging Molotov cocktails at a synagogue in Berlin.
READ ALSO: Anti-Semitism fears rise in Germany after attempted arson at Berlin synagogue
Domestic intelligence agency chief Thomas Haldenwang recently warned against the return of Germany's "darkest hours."
Vice Chancellor Robert Habeck made an impassioned plea on social media to fight anti-Semitism, calling in particular for an effort from far-left political movements and certain Muslim groups.
The current developments also lend greater resonance to Thursday's ceremony commemorating the 85th anniversary of Kristallnacht, the pogrom launched by Adolf Hitler's Nazis that took place overnight on November 9th-10th.
Chancellor Olaf Scholz and President Frank-Walter Steinmeier are expected to lead the ceremony, along with president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, Josef Schuster.
Indoctrination
Salomon moved to Germany from Russia in 1991, fleeing what he described as state-sponsored anti-Semitism.
He began in 1997 to compile anti-Semitic behaviour in Berlin and founded an association in 2008 that documents, analyses and makes his research public. Demonstrations gathering extremists from both the right and left, as well as pro-Palestinians, are often where excesses can be witnessed, he said.
But Salomon said the pro-Palestinian gatherings since October 7th have been particularly virulent.
In Berlin, barricades were burned and police injured by stones and bottles thrown by protesters.
Salomon said he was particularly alarmed by the large number of youths and school pupils at the protests.
He recalls a phrase that he heard some children chanting in 2004 -- "Knife in, knife out, knife red, the Jew is dead" and said: "Today, these children have become adults."
Today's children "continue to be indoctrinated," he said.
Wearing a bullet proof vest and carrying a helmet, he turned up at a pro-Palestinian rally in central Berlin on a Saturday.
He said he had already been assaulted a few times while doing his work, and the dialogue that he seeks with the protesters sometimes turns sour.
This time, the march was mostly peaceful, with families making up the majority of protesters.
Salomon said it was completely legitimate to protest against the humanitarian catastrophe faced by Palestinians in Gaza.
"But I had hoped to see a poster or a sign condemning Hamas," he said. So far, he said he hasn't seen one.
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On that Sabbath day, Hamas gunmen stormed across the border into Israel, killing 1,400 people, mostly civilians, in their homes, on the streets and at a rave party.
The most deadly attack since the founding of Israel had led it to declare war on Hamas, with Israeli forces heavily bombarding Gaza before sending in ground troops to destroy the Islamist movement.
The Hamas-run health ministry said more than 10,000 people, mostly civilians, have been killed in the territory.
"October 7th marked a turning point" in the dimension of anti-Semitism in Germany almost 80 years after World War II, said Salomon. "There are hardly any taboos left."
READ ALSO: Germany's Scholz joins call to 'protect Jews' amid rising anti-Semitism
The public displays of hatred vary from people celebrating the Hamas attack by distributing sweets in a Berlin district with a large Arab population, to chants at demonstrations such as "from the river to the sea, Palestine will be free" -- a slogan interpreted by some as a call for the destruction of Israel.
Islamist slogans like "the caliphate is the solution," seen most recently at a protest in the western city of Essen, have also shocked Germany.
"I had not seen that before," said Salomon.
'Living in fear'
Anti-Semitism is rearing its head across the continent, with the European Commission saying on Sunday that "European Jews today are again living in fear".
In Germany, which is still atoning for the slaughter of more than six million Jews during the Holocaust, the trend is all the more alarming.
Holocaust denial is illegal in Germany, which has also stressed that its support for Israel's existence is unconditional.
Some 2,000 cases linked to the Israel-Hamas conflict have been reported so far, federal police told local media.
In an immediate response to the Hamas attack, German authorities boosted security around Jewish institutions. But that did not stop two men from flinging Molotov cocktails at a synagogue in Berlin.
READ ALSO: Anti-Semitism fears rise in Germany after attempted arson at Berlin synagogue
Domestic intelligence agency chief Thomas Haldenwang recently warned against the return of Germany's "darkest hours."
Vice Chancellor Robert Habeck made an impassioned plea on social media to fight anti-Semitism, calling in particular for an effort from far-left political movements and certain Muslim groups.
The current developments also lend greater resonance to Thursday's ceremony commemorating the 85th anniversary of Kristallnacht, the pogrom launched by Adolf Hitler's Nazis that took place overnight on November 9th-10th.
Chancellor Olaf Scholz and President Frank-Walter Steinmeier are expected to lead the ceremony, along with president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, Josef Schuster.
Indoctrination
Salomon moved to Germany from Russia in 1991, fleeing what he described as state-sponsored anti-Semitism.
He began in 1997 to compile anti-Semitic behaviour in Berlin and founded an association in 2008 that documents, analyses and makes his research public. Demonstrations gathering extremists from both the right and left, as well as pro-Palestinians, are often where excesses can be witnessed, he said.
But Salomon said the pro-Palestinian gatherings since October 7th have been particularly virulent.
In Berlin, barricades were burned and police injured by stones and bottles thrown by protesters.
Salomon said he was particularly alarmed by the large number of youths and school pupils at the protests.
He recalls a phrase that he heard some children chanting in 2004 -- "Knife in, knife out, knife red, the Jew is dead" and said: "Today, these children have become adults."
Today's children "continue to be indoctrinated," he said.
Wearing a bullet proof vest and carrying a helmet, he turned up at a pro-Palestinian rally in central Berlin on a Saturday.
He said he had already been assaulted a few times while doing his work, and the dialogue that he seeks with the protesters sometimes turns sour.
This time, the march was mostly peaceful, with families making up the majority of protesters.
Salomon said it was completely legitimate to protest against the humanitarian catastrophe faced by Palestinians in Gaza.
"But I had hoped to see a poster or a sign condemning Hamas," he said. So far, he said he hasn't seen one.
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